甜瓜嫁接生产中的生理障碍与对策建议

在我国北方地区寒冷季节保护地甜瓜嫁接生产中,因砧木选用或更换不当而出现生理障碍,造成减产甚至绝收的现象时有发生。根据大量生产实际,分析了甜瓜嫁接生产中不同南瓜砧木与接穗的亲和力以及影响嫁接组合共生亲和力的因素,建议在甜瓜嫁接生产中应首选黑籽南瓜作砧木,对降低生产风险和促进甜瓜嫁接技术的推广具有重要的现实意义。     

中国农产品出口中的绿色壁垒分析

中国农产品出口多次遭受绿色贸易壁垒的冲击,部分农产品出口量锐减或完全丧失出口市场,严苛的技术标准、繁杂的检测项目和程序以及绿色认证制度是中国农产品遭受的主要冲击,文章通过对绿色壁垒不利影响的分析,总结了中国农产品出口之所以受制于绿色壁垒的原因,并提出了中国应对绿色贸易壁垒的政策措施,指出在进行标准和认证制度建设的同时,更要重视其落实实施,希望有助于促进中国农产品破除绿色壁垒扩大出口。     

百合远缘杂交的胚囊和胚胎发育及胚拯救

采用石蜡切片和子房切片培养方法,对百合杂交组合‘多安娜’ב西伯利亚’和‘普瑞头’ב雪皇后’授粉前后胚囊(胚胎)发育以及胚拯救效果进行了研究。结果表明:‘多安娜’子房内成熟胚囊高峰期滞后于‘普瑞头’3 d左右,而开花后8、10 d时其保持成熟胚囊的比例高于后者。两杂交组合的双受精作用开始于授粉后10 d左右,较亚洲百合自交亲和组合晚,且均存在不同程度的受精后障碍。子房切片培养和胚珠培养仅使‘多安娜’ב西伯利亚’组合获得幼苗。授粉70 d后,两杂交组合都收获少量成熟种子,并经MS培养基培养30 d后萌发成苗。     

Proteins and Carbohydrates from Red Seaweeds: Evidence for Beneficial Effects on Gut Function and Microbiota

Based on their composition, marine algae, and namely red seaweeds, are good potential functional foods. Intestinal mucosal barrier function refers to the capacity of the intestine to provide adequate containment of luminal microorganisms and molecules. Here, we will first outline the component of seaweeds and will summarize the effects of these on the regulation of mucosal barrier function. Special attention will be paid to unique components of red seaweeds: proteins and derived peptides (e.g., phycobiliproteins, glycoproteins that contain “cellulose binding domains”, phycolectins and the related mycosporine-like amino acids) together with polysaccharides (e.g., floridean starch and sulfated galactans, such as carrageenans, agarans and “dl-hybrid”) and minerals. These compounds have been shown to exert prebiotic effects, to regulate intestinal epithelial cell, macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation and to modulate the immune response. Molecular mechanisms of action of peptides and polysaccharides are starting to be elucidated, and evidence indicating the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), Toll-like receptors (TLR) and signal transduction pathways mediated by protein kinase B (PKB or AKT), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) will also be summarized. The need for further research is clear, but in vivo experiments point to an overall antiinflammatory effect of these algae, indicating that they can reinforce membrane barrier function.     

中国胶合板出口美国遭遇的非关税贸易壁垒及其影响分析

随着林产品生产规模的扩大和出口份额的提高, 中国林业企业遭遇越来越多的出口贸易壁垒, 尤其是在作为我国胶合板出口第1大市场的美国。这不仅阻碍了我国林业产业的发展, 甚至严重威胁一部分企业的生存。文中利用量化分析工具测算出, 在美国消费者偏好中国胶合板产品的情况下, 中国胶合板面临的非关税贸易壁垒相当于150%到580%的从价关税税率。面对严峻的形势, 我国企业应在提高自身国际竞争能力的同时, 积极应对贸易摩擦, 并着力开拓新市场。     

栀子苷对酵母多糖致大鼠肠黏膜屏障损害作用的研究

目的 探讨栀子苷对酵母多糖（zymosan,Zym）致大鼠肠黏膜屏障损害的作用。方法 通过腹腔注射Zym-石蜡混悬液建立大鼠肠黏膜屏障损害模型,将模型大鼠随机分为模型组、栀子苷组、乌司他丁组,腹腔注射Zym后即刻干预,12 h后重复干预1次。另设正常对照组。造模24 h后测定大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白介素-1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）、白介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）、白介素-10（interleukin-10,IL-10）、D-乳酸（D-lactate,D-LA）、二胺氧化酶（diamine oxidase,DAO）、内毒素（endotoxin,ET）水平,并取小肠进行病理组织学检查。结果 模型组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、D-LA、DAO、ET水平较正常对照组显著增高（P<0.01）;病理组织学检查可见黏膜上皮水肿,黏膜上皮细胞排列紊乱,黏膜上皮炎症细胞增多,固有层松散、充血;与模型组比较,栀子苷可降低肠黏膜屏障损害大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、D-LA、DAO及ET水平,增加IL-10水平（P<0.05,P<0.01）,减轻肠组织病理性损伤。结论 栀子苷可以减轻Zym导致的大鼠炎症反应,对Zym引起的肠黏膜屏障损害具有保护作用。     

沙柳沙障防风阻沙效益的研究

以库布齐沙漠穿沙公路和神东矿区巴图塔沙柳基地为试验区,对沙柳沙障体系内外风速和输沙量进行了野外观测,根据调查和观测资料,利用surfer(8.0)软件作出沙障体系内外的风速流场图,并运用粗糙度(z0)、摩阻速度(u*)等物理参数,对复式沙柳沙障的防风效益和阻沙作用进行了系统研究。结果表明:半隐蔽式、平铺式沙柳沙障防沙体系内外,风速比(V2 m/V0.3 m)的变化随着向沙障体系的逐渐靠近呈非线性增大;粗糙度(z0)的变化则随风速比(V2 m/V0.3 m)的增大表现出两种情况:当旷野风速小于起沙风速时,其趋势线方程为多项式函数,当旷野风速大于起沙风速时,其趋势线方程为指数函数;在沙柳沙障防沙体系内外,由于沙颗粒与沙柳体系内沙柳发生碰撞,输沙率随防沙体系远近的分布不再简单遵循对数或者指数关系,其极值出现的距离随风速的增加而波动,由于沙柳沙障构成的下垫面复杂多变,其对风沙流结构与风沙活动层风速廓线的影响很难确定。     

Current experimental models,assessment and dietary modulations of intestinal permeability in broiler chickens

Maintaining and optimising the intestinal barrier (IB) function in poultry has important implications for the health and performance of the birds. As a key aspect of the IB, intestinal permeability (IP) is mainly controlled by complex junctional proteins called tight junction proteins (TJ) that link enterocytes together. The disruption of TJ is associated with increased gut leakage with possible subsequent implications for bacterial translocation, intestinal inflammation, compromised health and performance of the birds. Despite considerable data being available for other species, research on IP in broiler chickens and in general avian species is still an understudied topic. This paper reviews the available literature with a specific focus on IP in broiler chickens with consideration given to practical factors affecting the IP, current assessment methods, markers and nutritional modulation of IP. Several experimental models to induce gut leakage are discussed including pathogens, rye-based diets, feed deprivation and stress-inducing agents such as exogenous glucocorticoids and heat stress. Although various markers including fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, expression of TJ and bacterial translocation have been widely utilized to study IP, recent studies have identified a number of excreta biomarkers to evaluate intestinal integrity, in particular non-invasive IP. Although the research on various nutrients and feed additives to potentially modulate IP is still at an early stage, the most promising outcomes are anticipated for probiotics, prebiotics, amino acids and those feed ingredients, nutrients and additives with anti-inflammatory properties. Considerable research gaps are identified for the mechanistic mode of action of various nutrients to influence IP under different experimental models. The modulation of IP through various strategies (i.e. nutritional manipulation of diet) may be regarded as a new frontier for disease prevention and improving the health and performance of poultry particularly in an antibiotic-free production system.     

玉米秸秆对风沙土土壤微生物的影响

本研究以新型沙袋沙障为研究对象,分别对不同内部添加物、不同外层材料袋沙障内部、外部风沙土土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌及土壤微生物总量进行了测定。结果表明:沙袋沙障内添加玉米秸秆、玉米芯营养物质能够有效改善沙袋沙障内部风沙土环境,沙障内部微生物数量显著提高,微生物总数量分别达到了7.35×10~7 cfu/g、9.47×10~7 cfu/g,分别是对照(只灌装风沙土)沙袋沙障的113.11倍、145.62倍,并且添加玉米芯的作用效果更加显著,土壤微生物总数比添加玉米秸秆的高28.77%;添加玉米秸秆、玉米芯均对土壤真菌的影响较大,真菌数量可升高至微生物总数量的50%以上;玉米秸秆、玉米芯添加量越多,微生物数量越多,添加物体积百分比达到20%时,土壤微生物总数达到了1.01×10~8 cfu/g,随着添加量的继续增加,沙障内微生物数量无显著增加趋势;3种外层材料黄麻纤维、玻璃纤维、稻草沙袋沙障内部微生物总数排序为黄麻纤维>稻草>玻璃纤维,黄麻纤维沙障内部土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌三者总数分别比稻草、玻璃纤维的高58.80%、112.64%。     

基于阻隔因素的耕地质量分等因素插值方法研究

在山地丘陵区,耕地质量等级调查评价中的分等因素属性值估算受到大、中型山体阻隔影响,造成分等单元各分等因素属性赋值结果的失准。以青海省平安区为研究区,研究基于阻隔因素的分等因素属性值估算方法,并与反距离权重插值、样条函数插值方法进行了交叉验证。结果表明:不同的插值方法对3个分等因素空间分布趋势的模拟基本一致;由于插值原数据的特征与插值原理的不同,导致基于阻隔因素的插值方法对不同的土壤性质表现不一致。土壤有机质和有效土层厚度最适宜的插值方法是基于阻隔因素的样条函数插值,而在土壤pH值插值中,基于阻隔因素的反距离权重插值精度最高;研究区内的土壤有机质含量和有效土层厚度的插值精度比不考虑阻隔因素的样条函数插值的平均绝对误差、平均相对误差、均方根误差、相对均方根误差分别提高了11. 23%、10. 98%、7. 54%、9. 20%和15. 08%、11. 74%、17. 41%、9. 40%;采用基于阻隔因素的样条函数插值方法对有机质含量和有效土层厚度进行插值,二者实测值与预测值之间的决定系数分别为0. 927和0. 901。